Volume Shadow Copy Forensics - the Robocopy method Part 2

Without further ado this post will build upon Volume Shadow Copy Forensics - the Robocopy method Part 1. In part one we looked at using Robocopy to extract data from a single shadow copy at a time. We will now look at a method to extract data from a range of shadow copies in one go. I will also cover some slightly more advanced options.

What are we going to need?
For what follows we will need a Windows 7 box (real or a VM), Encase with the PDE module and some storage space formatted NTFS. Robocopy is pre-installed within Windows 7.

Method
You will already have an Encase image of the drive you wish to investigate. When this is loaded up into an Encase case you need to gather some information in respect to the shadow copies you wish to investigate further. You will need to note the File Creation dates and if you wish to be more precise establish the Shadow Copy IDs stored at File Offset 144 for 16 bytes - bookmark as a GUID in Encase. Next you will have to mount the volume containing the shadow copies as an emulated disk using the Encase PDE module with caching enabled. On my box the mounted volume was allocated the drive letter J. I am using a Windows 7 box - if you are using a Windows 7 VM add the PDE mounted disk to the VM as an additional hard disk. Then on your box or in the VM:

Run a Command Prompt as Administrator and type the command (substituting J for the drive letter allocated to your mounted volume and G:\Shadows with the path of your export directory):

vssadmin list shadows /for=J: > G:\Shadows\list_of_shadow_copies.txt

This will create a text file containing a list of available shadow copies. From the list we can identify a range of shadow copies that we wish to investigate further. We now need to create symbolic links to them using the command:

for /l %i in (22,1,24) do mklink /d c:\Users\Richard\Desktop\Symbolic\SC%i \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy%i\

note: there is not a space after the ?

This command will create symbolic links for all shadow copy IDs starting at 22 up to 24. Obviously vary the (22,1,24) part to suit - 22 is the start, 1 increments by 1 and 24 is the end value. The symbolic links in this example are being created in a folder C:\Users\Richard\Desktop\Symbolic that I have allocated for this purpose. Many walk throughs, including ones I have prepared, often create the symbolic links at the root of C. Vista and Windows 7 do not like files being stored there so I think it is better practise to create the symbolic links in a user area.

OR
If you do not wish to process a range of shadow copies but need to process more than one or two you can instead use the command:

for %i in (18 20 22) do mklink /d c:\Users\Richard\Desktop\Symbolic\SC%i \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy%i\

note: there is not a space after the ?

In this example the command process only shadow copy IDs 18, 20 and 22.

Next we will run robocopy over the range of shadow copies we have selected:

for /l %i in (22,1,24) do robocopy c:\Users\Richard\Desktop\Symbolic\SC%i\Users G:\Shadows\SC%i *.jpg *.txt /S /COPY:DAT /XJ /w:0 /r:0 /LOG:G:\Shadows\Robocopy_log_SC%i.txt

OR
for %i in (18 20 22) do robocopy c:\Users\Richard\Desktop\Symbolic\SC%i\Users G:\Shadows\SC%i *.jpg *.txt /S /COPY:DAT /XJ /w:0 /r:0 /LOG:G:\Shadows\Robocopy_log_SC%i.txt

where you are interested in just specific shadow copies.

This command will create output folders named after each selected shadow copy along with a log of what has been copied. These items are being stored within an export folder prepared for the purpose. In this example I have drilled down to just the Users folder and copied out only jpg and txt files. Please see Part 1 for a detailed explanation of the options used in the command. The output folders can be dragged into Encase as single files. All paths and timestamps have been preserved.

Network Shares instead of Symbolic Links alternative
In part 1 I touched upon possible permission and copying errors. Troy Larson from Microsoft commented that creating shares instead of symbolic links may overcome some issues. So as an alternative the command:

for /l %i in (22,1,24) do net share SC%i=\\.\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy%i\

will create network shares entitled SC22, SC23 and SC24 for the shadow copy IDs 22-24. We can now use robocopy to copy data out of these shares:

for /l %i in (22,1,24) do robocopy \\localhost\SC%i\Users G:\Shadows\SC%i *jpg *.txt /S /COPY:DAT /XJ /w:0 /r:0 /LOG:G:\Shadows\Robocopy_log_SC%i.txt

In this example I am accessing the shares on the same box hence localhost but of course you can run this across a network. The resulting data is as before.

Incorrect Function
You may run into what I think is a permission related error - clicking on the symbolic link results in

or you see

2010/04/12 15:25:28 ERROR 1 (0x00000001) Accessing Source Directory c:\Users\Richard\Desktop\Symbolic\SC22\Users\Incorrect function.

in your log file.

I have tried myriad ways to overcome this - trying to take ownership of the Shadow Copies using cacls, icacls and everything else but the kitchen sink. However I did eventually find a workaround. In Volume Shadow Copy Forensics.. cannot see the wood for the trees? I discussed imaging shadow copies using George Garner's Forensic Acquisition Utility. This utility appears not to have this issue so the command

for /l %i in (22,1,24) do dd if=\\.\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy%i of=G:\Shadows\%i.img bs=512 count=1 --localwrt

will image just one sector of each shadow copy in our range. This takes just a few seconds. Then after imaging make your symbolic links or network shares. The Incorrect Function issue is overcome. Don't ask me why.

Cleaning Up
At the conclusion of your investigations you will want to remove the symbolic links or network shares you have created.

To remove the symbolic links

for /l %i in (22,1,24) do rd c:\Users\Richard\Desktop\Symbolic\SC%i

To remove the shares

for /l %i in (22,1,24) do net share SC%i /delete

Dealing with the storage issues
If you want to copy substantial amounts out of a large number of shadow copies you are faced with the problem of where you can store it. In Volume Shadow Copy Forensics.. cannot see the wood for the trees? I observed that there is considerable duplication of files in each shadow copy. I have found that a utility like Duplicate and Same Files Searcher can be useful. This utility can search across your export folders and identify duplicates. You can then opt to retain the first file and then create hard links for all the duplicate files. This utility can also move duplicate files, thus allowing you to focus on just the unique files.

References
Windows 7: Current Events in the World of Windows Forensics Harlen Carvey, Troy Larson
Reliably recovering evidential data from Volume Shadow Copies in Windows Vista and Windows 7 QCC

Volume Shadow Copy Forensics - the Robocopy method Part 1

There is always more than one way to skin a cat and so I make no apologies for discussing another approach to processing volume shadow copies. This approach - I'll call it the Robocopy method - has been researched and developed by the chaps over at QCC, John Douglas, Gary Evans and James Crabtree and they have kindly let me crib from their notes. This post is Part 1 - I have simplified QCC's approach but have also removed some functionality. In Part 2 I will expand on the simplified approach and add back in some functionality.

Robocopy is a robust file copying utility developed by Microsoft. This method allows us to copy out folders and files of interest from any notable shadow copies. The process will preserve folder and file paths and timestamps. The key advantages are that it is efficient -both in storage and speed.

This blog post complements my previous posts Vista Volume Shadow Copy issues and Volume Shadow Copy Forensics.. cannot see the wood for the trees? and the method documented below is similar in the early stages.

What are we going to need?
For what follows we will need a Windows 7 box (real or a VM), Encase with the PDE module and some storage space formatted NTFS. Robocopy is pre-installed within Windows 7.

Method
You will already have an Encase image of the drive you wish to investigate. When this is loaded up into an Encase case you need to gather some information in respect to the shadow copies you wish to investigate further. You will need to note the File Creation date and if you wish to be more precise establish the Shadow Copy ID stored at File Offset 144 for 16 bytes - bookmark as a GUID in Encase. Next you will have to mount the volume containing the shadow copies as an emulated disk using the Encase PDE module with caching enabled. On my box the mounted volume was allocated the drive letter I. I am using a Windows 7 box - if you are using a Windows 7 VM add the PDE mounted disk to the VM as an additional hard disk. Then on your box or in the VM:

Run a Command Prompt as Administrator and type the command (substituting I for the drive letter allocated to your mounted volume)

vssadmin list shadows /for=I:

This will result in a list of all available shadow copies on the selected volume

vssadmin 1.1 - Volume Shadow Copy Service administrative command-line tool
(C) Copyright 2001-2005 Microsoft Corp.

Contents of shadow copy set ID: {2202d8a9-1326-4254-9818-252ece858b17}
Contained 1 shadow copies at creation time: 10/12/2009 14:41:25
Shadow Copy ID: {ad2e71d0-48d6-44b9-9715-f5ff6b5a5643}
Original Volume: (I:)\\?\Volume{34e5a98a-1a1d-11df-a259-00236cb6de69}\
Shadow Copy Volume: \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy5
Originating Machine: Richard-MBP-Vis
Service Machine: Richard-MBP-Vis
Provider: 'Microsoft Software Shadow Copy provider 1.0'
Type: ClientAccessibleWriters
Attributes: Persistent, Client-accessible, No auto release, Differentia
l, Auto recovered

Contents of shadow copy set ID: {e13bb9d9-c522-422b-b92a-37f6d12363d9}
Contained 1 shadow copies at creation time: 15/12/2009 12:17:37
Shadow Copy ID: {d0e1c613-7892-47e1-9b7e-f638adac9d16}
Original Volume: (I:)\\?\Volume{34e5a98a-1a1d-11df-a259-00236cb6de69}\
Shadow Copy Volume: \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy6
Originating Machine: Richard-MBP-Vis
Service Machine: Richard-MBP-Vis
Provider: 'Microsoft Software Shadow Copy provider 1.0'
Type: ClientAccessibleWriters
Attributes: Persistent, Client-accessible, No auto release, Differentia
l, Auto recovered

Marry up your bookmarked GUID to the Shadow Copy ID number to identify the Shadow Copy Volume you wish to process. The next step is to create a symbolic link to the selected shadow copy (ShadowCopy6 in this example) by typing the command

mklink /d C:\shadow_copy6 \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy6\

which results in the output

symbolic link created for C:\shadow_copy6 <<===>> \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\Harddisk
VolumeShadowCopy6\

We are now going to use robocopy to copy out data from the mounted shadow copy - for this example I have created a folder called SC6 on my export volume. The command I used for this example is

robocopy C:\shadow_copy6\Users\Richard G:\SC6 /S /XJ /COPY:DAT /NFL /NDL /w:0 /r:0

This results in robocopy outputting a Job Header to the console

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ROBOCOPY :: Robust File Copy for Windows
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Started : Mon Apr 05 11:23:18 2010
Source : C:\shadow_copy6\Users\Richard\
Dest : G:\SC6\
Files : *.*
Options : *.* /NDL /NFL /S /COPY:DAT /XJ /R:0 /W:0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The header usefully sums up what I have asked robocopy to do.

• I am copying only the Richard user profile (Users\Richard) to my export folder SC6
• *.* indicates that I am copying all files
• /NDL suppresses directory listings to the console
• /NFL suppresses file listings to the console
• /S copies the source folder and all sub folders and files
• /COPY:DAT copies data, attributes and timestamps
• /XJ exclude junction points
• /R:0 number of retries on failed copies (in other words -do not re try)
• /W:0 wait between retries

Nothing much happens at the command prompt now unless a failed file copy is encountered when you will receive output to the console similar to

2010/04/06 11:24:48 ERROR 5 (0x00000005) Copying File C:\shadow_copy6\Users\Rich
ard\AppData\Local\Temp\~DFA2ED.tmp
Access is denied.

When the copying is completed a summary is outputted to the console

It can be seen that 17 directories have been skipped. This means they have not been copied -probably because of permission issues. Also notable is the copying speed which is much quicker than imaging.

The output folder now contains a copy of the Richard users profile. Drag the contents of the export folder into Encase which processes the contents as single files. You may wish to create a logical evidence file of these single files.

Alternative Robocopy Configuration
As inferred from the Job Header above it is possible to take a fairly granular approach to what is copied out of your shadow copy. For example the command

robocopy C:\shadow_copy6\Users G:\SC6 *.jpg *.bmp *.png /S /XJ /COPY:DAT /NFL /NDL /w:0 /r:0

will copy out all jpg, bmp and png files from all User profiles. With reference to the two examples in this post and the robocopy manual it is possible to configure the copy operation in many different ways. For example you could just copy files that have timestamps in a particular range or files that are greater than a particular size.

Incorrect Function
If you play with VSCs often you will run into this rather helpful Microsoft error message. Tips to overcome it in Part 2.

References
Windows Vista/7 Recovering evidential data from Volume Shadow Copies John Douglas
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-gb/library/cc733145(WS.10).aspx
http://blogs.sans.org/computer-forensics/2009/01/08/robocopy-–-a-computer-forensics-tool/
http://42llc.net/index.php?option=com_myblog&task=tag&category=robocopy&Itemid=39